*** Note: See Miscellaneous "SARA" acoustic beam weapon
*** Note: See HV section for more switching related concepts for high energy electrical weapons
New items (01-14-2001) are in BLUE
NGS
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS & RESEARCH
15261 Connector Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (505) 766-9844
Ted Lehman
DTRA 00-017 Title: Statistical HPM/EMP effects assessment Abstract: Scientific Applications and Research Associates (SARA), Inc proposes to investigate and demonstrate the applicability of statistical electromagnetic techniques to HPM/EMP effects assessment. The need for statistical techniques arises because almost all high frequency interacted fields are chaotic. Experience has shown that traditional deterministic EM methods are not efficient, accurate, and manageable when the fields are chaotic. Recently developed statistical techniques have been used to develop CW EM assessment methods, which are directly applicable to chaotic fields. The resulting assessment method is simple, accurate, robust, manageable, and efficient. SARA proposes to extend the statistical techniques to the wide-band fields associated with HPM/EMP environments. SARA will derive the statistical models for enclosure field norms; for the threshold of LRU's located in enclosures; and for the shielding effectiveness of enclosures. SARA will derive the expressions for the probability of effect at the LRU level. Limited testing to verify the field norms and shielding effectiveness statistical models will be performed. Because low level testing is proposed for shielding effectiveness parameter determination, SARA will investigate the impact of arcing and TPD firing on the probability of effect estimates. The robustness, efficiency, and accuracy of the statistical assessment methods will be used to establish feasibility. The statistical assessment methods have a number of potential post Phase II applications including both the military and private sectors. Many military aircraft and naval vessels are subject to HEMP, HPM, EMC, and/or HIRF requirements. In the private sector, commercial aircraft are subject to HIRF requirements and more equipment and systems such as automobiles are subject to EMC immunity standards. The commercial market is relatively new to HPM, HIRF and European EMC requirements. Much of the commercial aircraft hardness surveillance evaluation has been through "visual inspection." FAA is in the process of requiring a much more rigorous hardness surveillance and maintenance program (per the draft copy of Section 10 of the HIRF User's Guide). This upcoming policy and the European standards should open the door to a very large and exciting market for our product line.
MSE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INC.
200 Technology Way P. O. Box 4078
Butte, MT 59702 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (406) 388-0542
Jean-Luc Cambier
BMDO 00-001 Title: Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation in Space from a Repetively Detonated Device Abstract: MSE Technology Applications, Inc. (MSE) proposes to evaluate and test the concept of a hybrid device combining a Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) with a Magneto-Hydro-Dynamics (MHD) generator for electrical power generation in space. The proposed system would be designed to provide the power for Direct Energy Weapons (DEW), such as compact Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) High-Power Microwave (HPM) beams or Kinetic Energy Weapons (KEW) launched from railguns. Power extraction from stored chemicals provides more power density and flexibility than solar cells. The PDE is a novel propulsion technology which can be adapted to pulse power generation. The PDE can be approximated as a cycled, constant-volume combustion process leading to higher temperatures and therefore higher gas conductivity than constant-pressure combustion. The device is lightweight, robust, can easily be started up, and does not require high chamber pressurization. Preliminary evaluations of the hybrid concept suggest that good performance is possible. The concept presented herein improves on the earlier study by proposing a new design that would greatly improve the power to weight ratio. The concept also has a number of other important applications leading to substantial advances in aerospace propulsion and power. The proposed PDE-MHD generator concept can be used for pulse power production, with applications initially focused on space-power generation for DEWs. If successful, other applications deriving from the technology may include the following: 1) on-board power generation for aerospace vehicles; 2) hybrid PDE-MHD ejector concepts for propulsion; and 3) repetitive, non-destructive Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) generators for battlefield and mine field applications.
MSE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, INC.
200 Technology Way P. O. Box 4078
Butte, MT 59702 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (406) 388-0542
Jean-Luc Cambier
BMDO 00-001 Title: Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation in Space from a Repetively Detonated Device Abstract: MSE Technology Applications, Inc. (MSE) proposes to evaluate and test the concept of a hybrid device combining a Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) with a Magneto-Hydro-Dynamics (MHD) generator for electrical power generation in space. The proposed system would be designed to provide the power for Direct Energy Weapons (DEW), such as compact Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) High-Power Microwave (HPM) beams or Kinetic Energy Weapons (KEW) launched from railguns. Power extraction from stored chemicals provides more power density and flexibility than solar cells. The PDE is a novel propulsion technology which can be adapted to pulse power generation. The PDE can be approximated as a cycled, constant-volume combustion process leading to higher temperatures and therefore higher gas conductivity than constant-pressure combustion. The device is lightweight, robust, can easily be started up, and does not require high chamber pressurization. Preliminary evaluations of the hybrid concept suggest that good performance is possible. The concept presented herein improves on the earlier study by proposing a new design that would greatly improve the power to weight ratio. The concept also has a number of other important applications leading to substantial advances in aerospace propulsion and power. The proposed PDE-MHD generator concept can be used for pulse power production, with applications initially focused on space-power generation for DEWs. If successful, other applications deriving from the technology may include the following: 1) on-board power generation for aerospace vehicles; 2) hybrid PDE-MHD ejector concepts for propulsion; and 3) repetitive, non-destructive Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) generators for battlefield and mine field applications.
APPLIED PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS, L.C.
602 Explorer
Austin, TX 78734 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (512) 261-0098
Jon Mayes
BMDO 00-001 Title: Marx Generator-Based PFN Systems Abstract: Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) are rapidly becoming attractive due to their reusability and the fact that unlike mechanical weapons which rely on magazines of explosive shells, these weapons rely on power supplies. The most attractive aspect of DEW lies in the fact that an electromagnetic missile is delivered at nearly the speed of light, negating the advantage of increasing velocity of tactical missiles. High power microwave (HPM) devices such as the Virtual Cathode (Vircator) or the Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) required large amounts of energy at several hundred kV, requiring large, massive, and complex pulsed power machines as their primary energy source. These systems are plagued with problems associated with high voltage switching and massive step-up transformers, and are primarily based on conventional Pulse Forming Network (PFN) technologies. This proposal details PROPRIETARY alternatives to the HPM source methods in the form of a Marx generator-based power supply. The proposed systems offer compact solutions that are man portable, capable of being battery powered, and offer higher repetition rates than their convention counterparts. The development of the Marx generator-based PFN systems is a relatively inexpensive method for producing repetitive, high powered, trapezoidal shaped electromagnetic pulses for driving low impedance microwave devices. In the military market, this man portable system could further control the battlefield, as well as provide portable missile defense systems. The same system is compact enough to be mounted in a missile, a conventional gun shell, or on board a fighter aircraft.
LYTEC LLC
1940 ELK RIVER DAM RD P. O. BOX 1581
TULLAHOMA, TN 37355 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (931) 393-4500
John T. Lineberry
AF 00-211 Title: An MHD APU for Airborne Platforms Abstract: MHD power generation poses best means for high power, lightweight supply for airborne systems to power directed energy weapons (DEW). MHD has the highest power density of all competing power technologies and is available on demand for either continuous duty or repetitive pulse operation. State-of-the-art technology exists for realization of flightweight MHD power systems. This coupled with advances in HTSC and high temperature materials makes this system the best candidate power source for development for DEW's. This SBIR Phase I will address the feasibility of MHD power airborne platforms. Both conventional and advanced MHD power concepts will be screened. Studies will be conducted to define system criteria for different MHD power concepts including stand-alone combustion driven APUs , ram/scramjet coupled MHD power generators, ram driven MHD generators, and external hypersonic aircraft MHD power generation concepts. The results of these studies will define innovative airborne power concepts as applicable to Air Force flight missions. Phase I will perform feasibility study of MHD power concepts as applied to high speed aircraft platforms. It will define application and devices/systems for development in Phase II. Phase II will produce design criteria for a flight hardware targeted for a near term flight test program.
AGUILA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. |
|
| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(760) 752-1199 M. Albert Capote BMDO 99-008 |
| Title: | Spray-On, Low Temperature Sintered Metallic Coatings For Electromagnetic Shielding |
| Abstract: | There is an emerging need within military electronics for protection of electronics from the adverse effects of high power electromagnetic radiation. The Department of Defense has a requirement to ensure survivability of key military C3 and weapons systems against the effects of electromagnetic weapons threats. What is needed is an electromagnetic hardening technology that is lightweight yet offers high shielding effectiveness and can be integrated into the system design, is low-cost, field-expedient, and transparent to the user. Transient liquid phase sintered (TLPS) conductive inks, now emerging as a low-cost approach to fabrication of printed wire boards, will fit all of these requirements if low-cost application methods, reduced cure/sinter temperatures and improved electromagnetic shielding properties can be achieved. TLPS inks comprise a combination of polymers and metal powders that fuse together at low temperatures to form a continuous metallic layer that bonds to common substrate materials. The objective of this proposed effort is to develop a spray-applied electromagneticpaint-shield with superior shielding that sinters and cures at temperatureswell below those of current TLPS inks. This conductive paint will allow low-cost shielding to be applied to just about any electronic device. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(607) 255-6474 Czeslaw Golkowski BMDO 99-001 |
| Title: | High Power Microwave Pulse Sources of Coherent Microwave Radiation for Distance Disabling of Electronic Devices |
| Abstract: | Among different methods using electomagnetic impact to disable radio-electronic devices the most effective one is the use of a series of video pulses of duration – 10 ns. A series of such pulses with repetition rates of several hundred hertz lowers the sensitivity of protection circuits by up to two orders of magnitude. We propose to use microwaves as a carrier frequency with video modulation. Microwave radiation can be formed as a narrow wave beam that sufficiently increases the power flow on the target, consequently increasing the processes of rectification in the irradiated radioelectronic elements. This combination of using a narrow directed wave beam with pulses of duration of about 10 ns will generate an effective tool for far distance disabling of electronic circuits. A mobile device using a high-power L-band vircator already exists and operates in the single pulse regime. However, the vircator cannot operate as a HPM generator of high rate repetition pulses because of the position of electrodes in the interaction space. The proposed development of HPM X-band sources which are capable of operating at a high repetition rate, with bursts of short pulses and in automodulation regimes, will permit us to build a far distance HPM disabling device consisting of a system of focusing the wave beam and a high current electron gun able to operated at high repetition rate pulses. In addition to functioning as an electromagnetic impact device such a set-up can also be used for distance testing of radioelectronic devices and as a nanosecond radar with high interference immunity and high resolution. |
APPLIED PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS, L. C.
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|
| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(512) 261-0098 Jon R. Mayes BMDO 99-001 |
| Title: | Marx-Based Phased Array System |
| Abstract: | Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) are rapidly becoming attractive due to their reusability and the fact that unlike mechanical weapons which rely on magazines of explosive shells, these weapons rely on power supplies. The most attractive aspect of DEW weapons lies in the fact that an electromagnetic missile is delivered at nearly speed of light, negating the advantage of increasing velocity of tactical missiles. In the ideal soft kill, RF energy would couple into the target’s electronic systems and ultimately destroy the guidance and firing systems. Modem missile system use banks of discriminators to protect the receiver. An incoming signal is directed onto a delay line, with a small fraction of the signal directed to the discriminator crowbars the delay line, thus protecting the receiver. For a DEW to be effective against this line of defense, all of the discriminators must be destroyed, leaving the receiver vulnerable to the excessive amount of RF energy. Conventional DEW require excessive amount of energy and volume. These systems also require complex power supply, vacuum systems, and are driven by short-lived cathodes. This proposal details a PROPRIETARY alternative to the conventional HPM methods in the form of a Marx generator-based phased array. The proposed system is capable of delivering terawatts of peak power or RF bursts of gigawatts. The volume usage of the proposed system is a fraction of existing systems and relies on tradition power supply technologies at substantially lower voltage levels |
TPL, INC. |
|
| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(505) 342-4436 Tom Schilling AF 99-184 |
| Title: | A Continuous Rod Electromagnetically Pulsed Warhead |
| Abstract: | Warhead technology could be furthered by a quantum step by incorporating electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects. The EMP generating warheads would disrupt electronic countermeasure (ECM) devices or disable communications centers without the necessity of significant collateral damage. TPL proposes to explore a Continuous Rod Electromagnetically Pulsed (CREMP) warhead which will extend the radius of influence by suing the Continuous Rod (CR) warhead as an "antenna" for EMP. Explosive flux compression generators are proposed to supply the necessary power. The dual package, warhead an power generator, is expected to fit within the typical constraints of a standard missile platform. The CREMP concept viability, feasibility, and effectiveness will be examined. Various preliminary design concepts will be investigated. Lethality estimates will be made for a range of engagement scenarios with respect to the CREMP warhead function. Limitations will be noted. Results of simulations will be used to design a strategy for advanced development. TPL has assembled an outstanding tem to conduct the proposed effort. Mr. T. Schilling will lead the effort assigned by Mr. D. Kennedy a celebrated authority in warhead design, and Mr. F. Williams a noted expert in the area of explosive flux compressors. |
NORTHEAST PHOTOSCIENCES, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(603) 465-3361 Jacques Ludman BMDO 96-001 |
| Title: Nonspatial Filtering of Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers (MOPA) | |
| Abstract: We propose to design and demonstrate beam cleanup for the Master Oscillator (MO) which will allow the Power Amplifier (PA) to operate efficiently and produce a high energy beam useful as a Directed Energy Weapon (DEW). The method we describe is totally new to the DEW field. Of course for low power lasers, we can focus the beam down and pass the clean part through a pinhole spatial filter. The "noisy" part is absorbed, so only a perfect beam emerges. The problem is that for even a few watts of laser power, metal pinholes melt and diamond pinholes shatter. At MO power levels, the pinhole method is clearly absurd. Our approach, developed with BMDO for visible light lasers up to a few watts, is to use the angular selectivity of a thick hologram to clean up the beam. It works well. Neither focusing nor absorption is required, so extension to MO power levels seems plausible. We will explore two main issues: handling of useable MO power levels and extension to nonvisible wavelengths as required by many (but not all) candidate MOs. The team includes the company which makes the holographic filters, a consultant involved in its invention, and a consultant with decades of HEL experience. | |
ADELPHI TECHNOLOGY, INC.
2181 Park Blvd.
Palo Alto, CA 94306 Phone:
PI:
Topic#: (650) 328-7337
Melvin A. Piestrup
BMDO 98-001 Title: Refractive X-ray Lenses for
Directed-Energy Applications Abstract: This Small Business
Innovation Research Phase I project will develop refractive x-ray
lenses for medical, industrial, scientific, and directed-energy
applications. Previously, ordinary optical refractive lenses were
assumed to not work at x-ray wavelengths because refractive
effects were very small. Reflective and grazing angle techniques
are usually limited to the soft x-ray region of the spectrum.
Recently, multiple small cylindrical holes acting as quasi-lenses
have been shown by Adelphi and a another group to focus moderate
x-ray energies (8-14 keV). These quasi-lenses have reduced
apertures because of the cylindrical shape and x-ray absorption
at their thickest parts. We propose to develop a compound
refractive lens (CRL) with larger effective apertures capable of
operating at harder x-ray wavelengths where medical, industrial
and directed energy applications abound. To improve the CRL's
gain and achieve shorter focal length CRLs and two-dimensional
focusing, we will investigate optimum materials and hole
parameters for the lens array and achieve an ideal lens' surface
curvature. These refractive optics will have the advantages of
small size, in-line operation, better cooling efficiency and
fewer perturbations due to surface roughness than conventional
grazing-angle x-ray optics.
APPLIED PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS, L. C.
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|
| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(316) 799-2763 Dr. Jon R. Mayes BMDO 98-001 |
| Title: | Electro-magnetic Flak for Cruise and Sea Skimming Missile Defense |
| Abstract: | The electromagnetic directed energy method (lasers, particle beams, and high power microwaves) of defending against missiles relies on generating a large amount of energy at the defense site, locating the target, and then transporting a large fraction of that energy to the target along a line of sight at the speed of light, to either destroy or destabilize the threat at as long range as possible. Cruise and sea skimming missiles are the most difficult target to intercept at long range with line of sight weapons, such as lasers, beam weapons, and high power microwaves because of the near earth operation. Practical concerns require a hard kill, that is obvious destruction or destabilization of the target, rather than a soft target kill in which the guidance electronics or memory may be impaired, but invisible to the defense system. This proposal addresses these problems by establishing a long range defensive perimeter through delivery of a defensive package to a point near the path of the target missile where the defensive package then generates a repetitive, high power, ultra-wideband, electromagnetic impulse or EM-UWB. The EM generation package can be delivered to the target via inexpensive missile, projectile, or via a UAV. This approach can be termed electro-magnetic flak or EM-Flak and greatly reduces the difficulties in targeting, and in covering a large defensive perimeter and can serve as the first line of defense. These PROPRIETARY, compact Marx circuits can also be installed permanently to form a long range EM-Flak fence around military installations. Therefore, this proposal defines a PROPRIETARY, innovative, compact, relatively inexpensive embodiment of a Marx circuit that has the power to deliver several hundred megawatts of impulse power at tens of kilohertz pulse rate. The same Marx unit can be used as a defensive weapon on fighter aircraft, a jammer on UAV or as the pollution treatment source of corona in modern automobiles. |
VANGUARD RESEARCH, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(505) 998-1920 Robert D. Sears BMDO 98-001 |
| Title: | Directed Energy Concepts and Components |
| Abstract: | This proposal addresses the problem of utilizing spatial -hyperspectral imaging capabilities of space-borne sensors to detect and characterize regions of atmospheric turbulence and cirrus cloud clutter which may impact employment and/or performance of space based laser and airborne high energy laser weapons systems. Our concept for worldwide detection, characterization and mapping of atmospheric turbulence and cirrus clouds includes spectral and hyperspectral imagers operated in the W to MWIR spectral range in a virtual triangulation geometry. Spectral and hyperspectral imagery allows altitude sounding of atmospheric clutter from turbulence and cirrus clouds. Triangulation geometry allows precise altitude selection by cross correlation of the backscatter signals. The combination of altitude and Fourier-space background spectral discrimination will provide an altitude resolved measurement of atmospheric clutter from clear air turbulence and from cirrus clouds, both of which may affect performance of the SBL (Space Based Laser) and the Airborne Laser (ABL) systems. |
SENSORTEX, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(610) 444-2383 Kelly Reuter DSWA 98-008 |
| Title: | Flexible EMP Shielding Material |
| Abstract: | During the Phase I, a lightweight, multilayer coating will be deposited onto copper wire and the wire woven into a mesh. The coating provides a high level of EM shielding, including magnetic shielding, EMP shielding and powers line filtering. The woven mesh will form a flexible shield with similar properties. Draped over existing equipment or used to line the walls, it will provide temporary and reusable EMP protection. Unlike conventional magnetic shielding approaches, which rely on high permeability layers, this coating uses the interaction between a good conductor and the magnetic layer to produce the high absorption. This results in a low cost film with less sensitivity to handling and improved high field performance. Since the wire consists primarily of copper, it retains much of the ductility of copper and can be bent or flexed. Samples of the mesh will be fabricated and measured during the Phase I and the ability of the wire to withstand flexing will be verified. Both the low and high frequency of the braid will be modeled during the program. This mesh will have superior electromagnetic shielding properties and will be of special interest to the military in applications requiring high SE in high fields. Commercial applications will include shielding from hazardous electromagnetic radiation (homes, schools) and sensitive equipment. |
APPLIED PULSE TECHNOLOGY, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(619) 453-2640 Allen Ramrus AF 99-023 |
| Title: | High Average Power Modulator for Multi-Gigawatt HPM Sources |
| Abstract: | Advances in microwave sources with high peak and average power depend on continued development of reliable modulators capable of testing high-voltage HPM sources at rep-rates up to 100 Hz. In light of budget limitations, new pulser development must be accomplished cost-effectively. This proposal is for a design study of a new 100Hz modulator which provides 600 kV, l (magnetic moment)s pulsewidth to discretely variable loads of 10 to 50 (omega particle). We propose to conduct the following tasks: (1) Design the optimum modulator meeting the specifications without regard to cost. In this task, the study will include the use of technology promising the highest performance and reliability. (2) Design the modulator meeting the above requirements with deference to budget limitations. Thus, for example, switches (as in the primary circuit of the pulse transformer) may be gas-blown spark-gaps as opposed to more costly high-voltage thyratrons. (3) List and establish availability of existing equipment and determine if a system can be assembled to the new specifications cost-effectively. In this case, performance requirements such as reduced pulse fall time and enhanced fault mode protection would be emphasized in anticipation of increased resources to address advanced development in specific areas. |
FRACTAL SYSTEMS, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(813) 854-4332 Matt Aldissi BMDO 99-001 |
| Title: | Novel Ferromagnetic Materials for Electromagnetic Ammunition Devices |
| /Abstract: | Recent activities in the development of electromagnetic directed energy for defense against missiles have focused on compact explosive driven sources of high power microwaves among several other technologies. There exist several issues which need to be addressed in order to bring this technology to fruition, one of which is the ferromagnetic material used in these sources. In Phase I, we will investigate the preparation and characterization of ferromagnetic particles whose surface is modified to achieve the desired characteristics, which depend on the directed energy application. The modified particles will be fully characterized in this preliminary effort to assess their suitability in this type of application. During the Phase I program, we will also establish the necessary collaborations towards conducting tests of our materials in the appropriate devices in Phase II. If successful, this effort will establish a precedent for taking this technology further towards useful compact high power microwave devices |
| MISSION RESEARCH CORP.
735 State St. Santa Barbara, CA 93101 |
|
| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(703) 339-6500 Robert F. Gray DTRA 99-003 |
| Title: | Electromagnetic Hardening Technology Development |
| Abstract: | The proposed effort will develop and demonstrate an imbedded protection technique for integrated electromagnetic protection of military systems and COTS equipment. The proposed imbedded protection technique will apply to all electromagnetic environments but this research effort will focus on mitigating high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) and high power microwave (HPM) effects. Under Phase I, the theoretical foundation for the new hardening technique will be thoroughly developed. This theoretical effort will leverage off of MRC's recent advances in the design of high power microwave loads using multiple tuned cavity chokes. The resulting theory will be applied to several typical system topologies to study the feasibility of imbedding the penetration port protection into the enclosure port. A complete design methodology will be developed and documented. This design methodology will be utilized in the Phase II demonstration effort where full scale imbedded protection devices will be produced and tested. The anticipated result of the proposed approach is the development of a new protection technique which will integrate penetration port hardening into the enclosure port (e.g. shield). If completely successful, the new protection technique will be imbedded in the enclosure port but the concept will also be developed for non-imbedded applications. |
TRITON SYSTEMS, INC. |
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| Phone: PI: Topic#: |
(978) 250-0400 John Lennhoff DTRA 99-003 |
| Title: | Integrated Material Technologies for Electromagnetic Shields |
| Abstract: | Triton Systems responds to the DTRA need to ensure the survivability of military C3 and weapon systems by hardening them against damage from HEMP and HPM weapons, using primarily COTS shielding materials for electronic equipment. Triton's unique approach is to integrate its conductive polymer technology into new epoxy-carbon composites and adhesives that will strongly reflect and attenuate HEMP and HPM electromagnetic radiation. In Phase I, Triton will show the feasibility by making conductive-enhanced polymer composites for EM hardening, and will use an adhesive with matched properties to bond panels which will result in low Q enclosed structures. In Phase II, in cooperation with a major composite manufacturer, Triton will develop one or more prototype EM housings for DoD electronic hardware, products for the military and commercial sectors will be developed and sold late on a Phase II program, and on a Phase III program. This Phase I Program, and following programs, will develop new lightweight materials that will provide hardening protection against HEMP and HPM interference. The primary commercial application will be to the Military for use on aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles in potentially hostile environments. The secondary commercial market will be to civilian ground, air, and space equipment, for improved operations in strong EM fields. |